My name is Mary Urquhart. (Kelly is my married name,
but I don't use that name at work). I'm a National Research Council Postdoctoral
Associate working in the Center for Mars Exploration at NASA Ames Research
Center. My research at NASA Ames involves modeling reactions between martian
rock and hot water that can produce new types of rock. In 1999, I finished
my Ph.D. in the Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Department at the University
of Colorado in Boulder. Between the time I finished my degree and the Fall
of 2000, I was a Caltech Postdoctoral Scholar at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
(JPL) in Pasadena, California. While at JPL, part of my job was working
with measurements taken in a laboratory at JPL that were designed to help
us better understand the temperature measurements which were to have been
taken by the Deep Space 2/ Mars Microprobe Mission. Basically, most of the
work I have done is computer modeling.
So what exactly is computer modeling? Well, first
the scientist needs to understand the processes involved in the problem
he or she is trying to solve: the physics, the chemistry and sometimes
even the biology related to the problem. Next, the researcher decides
what the important processes are. Nature is far too complicated for anyone
to model all of the processes involved with a particular system, even
with the very best computers. The important processes are those that will
make a significant impact on the result of the model. Next, the researcher
uses math to describe the processes quantitatively, in a way that the
computer can use. Then the scientist programs these equations into a computer
using any one of many computer languages. Once all of these steps have
been completed, the scientist has a model for how the system he or she
wants to study works. The scientist can then experiment with the system
in a way similar to the way he or she might experiment with a real system
in a laboratory. Computer modeling is especially useful for doing science
on things that are very big, very small, very far away, or take a long
time to change and are therefore unsuited to laboratory work. I have just
described nearly all of planetary science, atmospheric science and astrophysics!
My Research
In the past, I have used computer modeling to do research
involving ice in the the subsurface of Mars, the atmosphere of Venus,
the surface of the Moon and asteroids, and the possibility of an icy greenhouse
on three of Jupiter's largest moons. Right now, I am interested in how
water, gas, and rock interact to produce different types of minerals on
Mars.
Why I Do What I Do
Why I became a scientist is a very long story. One
of the most important prerequisites for being a scientist is simple curiosity.
I went into science because I wanted to understand everything I could
about how the natural world works. Some scientists are more interested
in technology (like my husband) and want to know how gadgets (things like
computers, stereo speakers and other devices) work and how to make them.
Another important quality is liking to solve problems. Most young children
are naturally curious and many like to solve puzzles. I was certainly
no exception. My parents are both chemists and were in graduate school
when I was in elementary school. I learned at a very young age that curiosity
is a good thing, and that science is a life-long process of learning.
The Early Years
I didn't know exactly what I wanted to be at first.
In kindergarten I remember that I wanted to be a ballet dancer and work
in a lab like my Dad. In third grade, at Hamilton Park Elementary in Dallas,
TX, I wanted to be a biologist. When my parents were helping me make a
butterfly collection, however, I cried when I found out that a butterfly
I caught had died. My father explained the butterflies were supposed to
die, which didn't make me feel any better. I decided then that if biology
involved studying dead things, it wasn't for me.
Then in fourth grade, I started going to the planetarium
every Wednesday after school. For the first time, I had a glimpse at the
wonders of the universe. The planets, the stars, the nebulae and the galaxies
all seemed so beautiful, almost magical to me. I wished I could reach
out and touch them, and I wanted to understand them...to know why they
are the way they are and how they are related to one another. It was like
a door opened for me. I had never really realized just how much beauty
and mystery existed in the universe. The world I saw everyday took on
new meaning for me, too. I began to look through all of my parents' science
books. I found I had a passion for geology, too. I wanted to know why
rocks look the way they do: particularly minerals, with all of their different
colors and crystal shapes.
After elementary school, I went to Richardson Junior
High School. I knew I wanted to be a scientist, but I still wasn't exactly
sure what type. School had been very hard for me up until that point.
I have a learning disability and had trouble learning to read (I couldn't
until second grade), and even by seventh grade, spelling and actually
doing math were difficult for me. I could understand complex math fairly
easily, but when doing something as simple as arithmetic I had trouble
because my brain would mix up the numbers I saw. In time, school became
much easier. When I did learn to read, I read everything I could. I particularly
enjoyed reading science fiction and fantasy books, as well as science
books. By seventh grade I was reading my parents college text books. With
a lot of effort, I learned to compensate for many of the other problems
associated with my learning disability. I also discovered new interests
such as music and art, which made school more fun. By the time I was in
high school I was in all honors classes and on the honor roll.
High School Years
I had decided by ninth grade that I definitely wanted
to be a planetary scientist. When Voyagers 1 and 2 made their historic
encounters with Jupiter and Saturn, I had cut out all of the photos and
articles from the newspaper and saved them. Later, I went to used book
stores and bought all of the "National Geographic" magazines and others
that had articles about the planets. That year my grandparents bought
me a telescope, I joined the Astronomy book club, and then bought my first
observation handbooks. I also subscribed to "Astronomy" magazine. The
next year I bought my first college-level planetary geology book with
babysitting money I had saved up. That single book, "An Introduction to
Planetary Geology" by Billy P. Glass, became my most prized possession.
I still have it today, even though I know it by heart, and a lot of the
material is seriously out of date.
I went to high school at Berkner High, once again
in Richardson, TX. My course load was designed to prepare me for college
majoring in anything from literature and history to math and science.
I had four years each of math, science (not including a semester of psychology)
and English, and three years of history. I only had time for one real
elective and that was choir. As it turned out, I am very grateful that
I did have as well-rounded an education as possible in high school. The
college I chose to attend was an all-science school and very weak in the
humanities. I learned to write effectively in high school, definitely
not college. Mrs. Patton, my junior year English teacher, certainly deserves
most of the credit.
Away to College
My college, New Mexico Tech in Socorro, NM was great.
It's a small school that had about 800 undergraduate students and 400
graduate students. Although small and very inexpensive, the education
in math and science was superb. The class sizes were small and professors
taught even freshman-level classes (unusual at many larger schools). Also,
despite its small size, I found a job as an assistant to a senior engineer
at a testing facility on campus my freshman year. I also had the opportunity
to work for a year at the Array Operations Center for the Very Large Array
radio telescope, also on the campus of New Mexico Tech. During that time
my love of astrophysics grew (due in no small part to Dr. Jean Eilek,
my Advanced Astrophysics professor). I started to wonder if I wouldn't
prefer to spend my life studying galaxy formation and evolution instead
of planets.
Internships are the Way to Go
Between my fourth and fifth years as an undergraduate,
I had an internship at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, CA through
NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophysics Undergraduate Research Program.
I was given the amazing opportunity to be one of the first people to see
and work with the images from the Magellan spacecraft. In those images
I saw a planet so much more alien to Earth than many people had suspected,
that is until Magellan's radar pierced the thick clouds that veil the
surface of Venus. The idea that a planet could be so similar in mass and
size to Earth and yet be so different geologically from Earth was intriguing
to me. I found my interest in planetary science reborn and with it a dilemma
that would follow me to graduate school.
Grad School
After graduating from New Mexico Tech with two degrees,
one in Geophysics and the other in Physics with an Astrophysics option,
I went immediately to graduate school at the University of Colorado at
Boulder (CU). I chose CU for several reasons. The first reason was location.
I had been seriously dating another student at New Mexico Tech named Sean
Kelly (he's now my husband), and since I was a year ahead of him in school,
we decided that I should only apply to schools in areas where he would
have a good chance of getting a job. The second major reason was that
CU is the only major institution I found that has astrophysics and planetary
science in the same department. Since I was at a point in my career where
I wasn't ready to chose between the two fields, CU seemed ideal. I was
ecstatic when the news came in February of my final year in New Mexico
that I was accepted with full funding. I was going to my first choice
of schools!
In August 1992 I began my graduate career. I took
a full course load of three graduate classes plus a seminar class the
first semester. For the first three years of graduate school I took as
many planetary and astrophysics classes as I could, in addition to basic
applied physics and math methods. I found out that one of the most important
things to my success would be learning how to effectively use the computer
for computations, graphing data and model results. Prior to that point
I used computers almost exclusively for writing papers and sending email.
I also taught introductory astronomy labs for all but one of my first
six semesters, plus once during the summer. I went from being terrified
of public speaking to actually enjoying it. At the end of my third year
I actually volunteered to teach the introductory astronomy course. I had
to design my curriculum, homework, tests, and even choose the textbook.
It was by far one of the most tiring and rewarding (actually, downright
fun) experiences of my life. Suddenly, a career as a teacher seemed like
a possibility.
The other great thing I was doing was attending,
and eventually leading, field trips to all sorts of wonderful places that
have features related to other planets. First was Meteor Crater in Arizona,
next was Hawaii to study volcanos, then Yellowstone National Park to study
hydrothermal systems (what I'm now doing research on was an idea born
from that trip). In addition, I have led trips to Death Valley, the Mojave
Desert and Rocky Mountain National Park. To me, these trips bring into
clearer focus the similarities between our planet and its neighbors in
a way that just looking at pictures or reading papers never will. If you
can't actually go to Venus, Mars, or the Moon, why not do the next best
thing?
Personal
My second year in graduate school my fiance came to Colorado and a year
later we were married. Sean loves mountain biking, and the hills and mountains
near Boulder were great for that sport. We've been lucky enough to live
next to the mountains in both Pasadena, and now in Santa Clara, CA. Sean
also loves his job as a computer scientist and software engineer developing
systems for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory that help scientists like me
access data taken by spacecraft and ground-based instruments. Together
we enjoy hiking along beautiful mountain trails. I also enjoy working
in my patio garden, singing, and doing science projects with kids. 
Now, just a year and a half after becoming "Dr.
Mary," we live happily with our new baby girl Ariana, and our little black
cat named Kassandra.
Why I Like What I'm Doing
The best part of my job is that I get paid to learn,
and sometimes learn something that no one before me has ever known. Science
isn't all in books, it's about discovering new things and looking at the
world in new ways. For me, it's also sharing that experience with others.
I even have my own K-12 Online Education
& Outreach Web site! If you take a look you will find several sets
of classroom-tested, standards-based materials on the topics of Mars,
Playground Physics, Saturn, Scale in the Solar System, comets, and a new
set of materials on Stars and Planets. Some of my Mars activities were
inspired by my past research.
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